Feline inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition characterized by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) tract inflammation. This inflammation in cats can affect any part of the GI tract but is most often observed in the stomach, small intestine, and colon. IBD’s exact cause in felines remains unknown. Still, the condition is believed to be multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic predisposition, immune system abnormalities, environmental factors, and possibly dietary sensitivities or allergies. To understand feline IBD, read our Santa Monica Veterinary Group team’s description of this condition’s signs and the diagnostics we use to identify and treat this disorder. 

Inflammatory bowel disease signs in cats

IBD can impact different GI tract sections, and the part affected determines how physical signs appear. IBD that affects the stomach is gastritis. If the disease affects the small intestines, it is enteritis. If the condition affects the colon, it is colitis. In IBD, inflammatory cells invade the intestinal walls and interfere with normal digestion, creating subsequent GI disorders. Cats’ common IBD signs include:

  • Chronic diarrhea — Persistent loose stool is feline IBD’s hallmark sign. The diarrhea may be watery or contain mucus and blood, especially if the colon is involved.
  • Vomiting — Intermittent or chronic vomiting is another common IBD sign, especially if the stomach or upper small intestine is affected.
  • Weight loss — Despite a normal or increased appetite, cats with IBD often lose weight as a result of inadequate nutrient absorption.
  • Appetite changes — Some cats with IBD may show decreased appetite (i.e., anorexia), while others may have increased appetite (i.e., polyphagia).
  • Lethargy — IBD may cause cats to be less active or more tired than usual. Chronic discomfort can disrupt affected cats’ normal exercise routine and day-to-day life.
  • Abdominal discomfort — Abdominal pain signs, such as vocalizing, moving away when touched, or having a tense or rigid tummy, are telltale IBD signs.
  • Stool changes — Cats with IBD may have irregular stool, with color, texture, and consistency variations.

Diagnosing feline irritable bowel disease

Our Santa Monica Veterinary Group team diagnoses IBD in cats by performing a clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes a histopathological examination. The diagnostic process typically includes the following:

  • Clinical history and physical exam — A thorough history of affected cats’ signs, diet, and environmental factors is essential. The physical exam may reveal weight loss, poor body condition, and abdominal pain.
  • Laboratory tests — Blood testing can reveal underlying health conditions that contribute to GI issues and identify IBD. These tests often include a complete blood count (CBC) to identify anemia, inflammation, or infection, and a serum biochemistry panel to assess organ function and rule out other systemic diseases. We’ll also conduct a fecal examination for parasites, bacteria, or other infectious agents.
  • Imaging studies — Through abdominal ultrasound, our team can visualize the intestinal wall’s thickness, look for masses or lymph node enlargement, and guide fine-needle aspiration or biopsy. Though less detailed than ultrasound, X-rays can help rule out obstructions or other abnormalities.
  • Endoscopy — This minimally invasive procedure allows us to visualize the GI tract and enables our Santa Monica Veterinary Group veterinarian to obtain biopsy samples from the stomach and intestines.
  • Histopathology — Once biopsy samples are obtained via endoscopy or surgical procedures, we examine them under a microscope to confirm the presence of inflammatory cells in the intestinal walls. Histopathology is the primary method for diagnosing IBD and distinguishing this disorder from other conditions such as lymphoma or neoplastic diseases.
  • Disease exclusion — Before confirming that your whiskered pal has IBD, we must rule out other potential GI sign causes such as infections, parasitic infestations, food allergies, and metabolic disorders. This might involve specific tests for hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, or renal disease. Many tests are necessary to definitively diagnose feline IBD.

Feline IBD is a complex and often challenging condition to manage because of its chronic nature. Early sign recognition and a systematic diagnostic approach are vital for effective management. Treatment typically involves dietary modifications, medications to reduce inflammation, and sometimes immunosuppressive drugs. Working closely with our Santa Monica Veterinary Group team to tailor your furry friend’s treatment plan can significantly improve their quality of life despite their IBD diagnosis. Contact our team to schedule an appointment.